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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:
Section
Objectives
Protocol Analysis - 15%
Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods
- Select capture devices
- Install monitor mode drivers
- Select capture location(s)
- Capture sufficient data for analysis
- Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed
- Capture roaming events
Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools
- Save to disk
- Packet slicing
- Event triggers
- Buffer options
- Channels and channel widths
- Capture filters
- Channel scanning and dwell time
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions
- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets
- Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets
- Configure and display columns for analysis purposes
- View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process
- Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels
- Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures
- View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis
- Use expert mode for analysis
- View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting
- WLAN scanners and discovery tools
- Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools
- Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types
- Define the problem
- Determine the scale of the problem
- Identify probable causes
- Capture and analyze the data
- Observe the problem
- Choose appropriate remediation steps
- Document the problem and resolution
Spectrum Analysis - 10%
Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers
- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware
- Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions
- Understand and use spectrum analyzer views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues
- RF noise floor in an environment
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal
- Sources of RF interference and their locations
- RF channel utilization
- Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications
- Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference
- Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures
- Identify various 802.11 PHYs
- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures
Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions
- AP-based spectrum analysis
- Sensor-based spectrum analysis
PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%
Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)
- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
- OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
- ERP (Extended Rate PHY)
- HT (High Throughput)
- VHT (Very High Throughput)
- HE (High Efficiency)
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers
- Pseudo-Header formats
- Key pseudo-header content
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types
- Supported PHYs
- Supported spatial streams
MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%
Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation
- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)
Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis
- Management, Control, and Data frames
- MAC frame formats and contents
- 802.11 Management frame formats
- Data and QoS Data frame formats
- 802.11 Control frame formats
Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis
- Country code
- Minimum basic rate
- Supported rates and coding schemes
- Beacon interval
- WMM settings
- RSN settings
- HT/VHT/HE operations
- Channel width
- Primary channel
- Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs
Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames
WLAN Medium Access - 10%
Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs
- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
- Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)
- Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM)
Analyze QoS configuration and operations
- Verify QoS parameters in capture files
- Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end
802.11 Frame Exchanges - 30%
Capture, understand, and analyze BSS discovery and joining frame exchanges
- BSS discovery
- 802.11 Authentication and Association
- 802.1X/EAP exchanges
- Pre-Shared Key authentication
- Four-way handshake
- Group key exchange
- Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE)
- Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE)
- WPA2 and WPA3
- Fast secure roaming mechanisms
- Neighbor discovery (802.11k/v)
- Hotspot 2.0 protocols and operations from the client access perspective
Analyze roaming behavior and resolve problems related to roaming
- Sticky clients
- Excessive roaming
- Channel aggregation for roaming analysis
Analyze data frame exchanges
- Data frames and acknowledgement frames
- RTS/CTS data frame exchanges
- QoS Data frame exchanges
- Block Acknowledgement exchanges
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CWNP Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Sample Questions (Q80-Q85):
NEW QUESTION # 80
You have installed a new 802.11ac WLAN configured with 80 MHz channels. Users in one area are complaining about poor performance. This area is currently served by a single AP. You take a spectrum analysis capture in the poor performing area. While examining the waterfall plot you notice the airtime utilization is higher on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel when compared to the rest of the channel. What do you conclude?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The most likely cause of higher airtime utilization on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel is non- Wi-Fi interference. Non-Wi-Fi interference can prevent an AP from using its full channel width, as it will degrade the signal quality and increase the noise floor on some parts of the channel. This will force the AP to fall back to a narrower channel width, such as 20 MHz or 40 MHz, to maintain communication with its clients. The waterfall plot can help identify non-Wi-Fi interference by showing spikes or bursts of RF energy on specific frequencies or sub-channels.
The other options are not correct, as they do not explain why only the first 20 MHz of the channel has higher airtime utilization.
NEW QUESTION # 81
In what scenario is Open Authentication without encryption not allowed based on the 802.11 standard?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Open Authentication without encryption is not allowed when operating a BSS in the 6 GHz band, according to the 802.11 standard. Open Authentication is a type of authentication method that does not require any credentials or security information from a STA (station) to join a BSS (Basic Service Set). Open Authentication can be used with or without encryption, depending on the configuration of the BSS and the STA. Encryption is a technique that scrambles the data frames using an algorithm and a key to prevent unauthorized access or eavesdropping. However, in the
6 GHz band, which is a newly available frequency band for WLANs, Open Authentication without encryption is prohibited by the 802.11 standard, as it poses security and interference risks for other users and services in the band. The 6 GHz band requires all WLANs to use WPA3- Personal or WPA3-Enterprise encryption methods, which are more secure and robust than previous encryption methods such as WPA2 or WEP. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe scenarios where Open Authentication without encryption is not allowed by the
802.11 standard. When operating a BSS in the CBRS band, which is another newly available frequency band for WLANs, Open Authentication without encryption is allowed, but not recommended, as it also poses security and interference risks for other users and services in the band. When operating a BSS in FIPS mode, which is a mode that complies with the Federal Information Processing Standards for cryptographic security, Open Authentication without encryption is allowed, but not compliant, as it does not meet the FIPS requirements for encryption algorithms and keys. When operating a BSS in a government facility, Open Authentication without encryption is allowed, but not advisable, as it may violate the government policies or regulations for wireless security.
NEW QUESTION # 82
You have installed a new 802.1 lac WLAN configured with 80 MHz channels. Users in one area are complaining about poor performance. This area is currently served by a single AP. You take a spectrum analysis capture in the poor performing area. While examining the waterfall plot you notice the airtime utilization is higher on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel when compared to the rest of the channel.
What do you conclude?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The most likely cause of higher airtime utilization on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel is non-Wi-Fi interference. Non-Wi-Fi interference can prevent an AP from using its full channel width, as it will degrade the signal quality and increase the noise floor on some parts of the channel. This will force the AP to fall back to a narrower channel width, such as 20 MHz or 40 MHz, to maintain communication with its clients. The waterfall plot can help identify non-Wi-Fi interference by showing spikes or bursts of RF energy on specific frequencies or sub-channels. The other options are not correct, as they do not explain why only the first 20 MHz of the channel has higher airtime utilization. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 74-75
NEW QUESTION # 83
Given the screenshot shown, Choose the statement that accurately describes what is being seen by this protocol analyzer.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 84
You are performing a multiple adapter channel aggregation capture to troubleshoot a VoIP roaming problem and would like to measure the roaming time from the last VoIP packet sent on the old AP's channel to the first VoIP packet sent on the new AP's channel. Which timing column in the packet view would measure this for you?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Delta is the timing column in the packet view that measures the time difference between two consecutive packets in a capture file. Delta can be used to measure the roaming time from the last VoIP packet sent on the old AP's channel to the first VoIP packet sent on the new AP's channel by selecting these two packets and looking at their delta values. The other timing columns are not suitable for this measurement because they do not show the time difference between two specific packets. Roaming is a column that shows whether a packet belongs to a roaming event or not. Relative is a column that shows the time elapsed since the beginning of the capture file. Absolute is a column that shows the date and time when a packet was captured5 References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 57
CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 2.4: Analyze timing values
NEW QUESTION # 85
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